Sunday, March 25, 2007

401K PLANS

401(k) plans, a word that rings melodious bell in the ears of so many. These are the kind of incentives that usually so many of us employees are looking forward for. It almost like getting to be a millionaire on the employers money. Also, the thought about having to pay low income tax does cause a rise in the ecstasy levels.
And the best part is, this is the money where in you don’t have to worry about where to deposit, how to increase the savings. Retirement does not cause your brows to frown; it is one pleasant phase for which you actually look forward for.
Usually 10 years investment, begin at 25 and you have a million or two by you retire


But how did this plan ever come into being. Where did it all begin??? The year was 1978, and the importance of having enough funds when a person retires was understood well in depth. It was during this, that the Congress cam up with a scheme for the benefit of the country, the citizens and even the employer. This was plan that funded many projects, it lowered the income tax, and at the end of it all gave you a treasure. The very name 401(K) plan also came up from the Internal Revenue Code Journal. Where all the details about this scheme are mentioned in section 401 and paragraph (k).
While this scheme was being talked of during the initial stages of its being introduced, a benefit consultant Ted Benna came up with his plan and this was the one that was officially accepted and put to use. This was in the early 1980s. But it was only in the early 90s that the final set of rules and regulations came up, thus it was almost a decade for the 401(k) plan to get fully fledged.


Today in layman terms, we know when we talk about Family Retirement Plans, we are talking about 401(k) plans, when we are talking about Defined Contribution plans, and we are talking about 401(k) plans.


Well as on date there are so many companies who have so much to offer when we talk about retirement, but the fact, this is the plan, which gives the employee the freedom to instruct the employer as to what is the amount he wants the employer to put in from his income is what makes it so unique and so different. But however, IRS does watch this point of action and has a set of rules that put up an upper limit as to how much amount goes into the plan.


Now what is the strategy that is employed in making this plan work is a simple logic. The amount that goes in the plan is first deducted, then the remaining amount is taxed, and thus the employee thus lands up paying fewer taxes. Let us imagine that Albert Einstein get about $ 6000 as his income, and wants to put in $1500 in the plan. So the income for the month will be $4500. Now IRS will deduct taxes at 28% or whatever plan you fall into, thus you get to take home $3240. Had Albert Einstein not gone in for this plan, then he would be taking home $4320, but here the amount that is available is $3240+$1500 that makes it $4640, thus only improves your savings
But what happens to the money that we put in the plan, usually it is lent to a group who are into bonds, mutual funds etc. Usually a list of investment methodologies are always provided, and it is definitely for an individual to make up his mind as to what does he want to do.


But what happens if you want to withdraw your money before it could ripen or mature, well, you pay a fine to the IRS, and also tax on the amount.

Well all this makes it sound that it indeed the most ideal plan, but when it comes to safety, what is it that makes this plan a sure shot success. Well ERSIA that is the Employment Retirement Income Security Act that was passed in 1974 does make sure that your money is held in custodial accounts, thus making safe and helping it grow. So no matter what your employer may claim, if he is to declare bankruptcy, you are in safe hands with 401(k)


The ERSIA makes the employer update the employee on account balances, asks the employer to make conditions for easy operation of the account by the employee, asks the employer to update the information databank on various information scheme available.
It also sets requirements that your employer must follow, such as sending you regular account statements, providing easy access to your account, and maintaining compliance so that the plan is fair for everyone in the company. It also requires your employer to provide you with educational materials about the investment opportunities within your plan.


Many a times we also come across a term called VESTING. Here the employer has a schedule lined up, after the schedules time frame, the money is given back to the employee, and any future investments that he may want to look into would be totally his. Also, some plans are flexible enough that allows you to borrow money from your account, but of course the constraint here would be that you need to pay an interest. But it is fair, since instead of paying to the lender, here you yourself are the lender and thus the money again goes into your pocket.


Now one major question that arises is what happens when you decide to quit your job, what then happens to your funds? Again here, the solutions are very simple you can transfer the money into your new employer’s 401K plans or still continue with your old employer’s plan, or IRA. But unless you plan to make a change to IRA or to the new employer’s fund, one must make sure that the cheque is not drawn on your name.
Else, you will land up paying both tax and fine.


Well with all this knowledge it is equally important to know, how much of your salary would you want to invest in this plan. Now this is basically a one on one priority of each individual. It depends on the circumstances that you are living in. What are your financial responsibilities? What is the back up you have for financial crisis or emergencies? And many more, but once you are able to conclude that a certain x figure is always safe, then a percentage of that income can definitely go into the 401K plan. And you can always increase your funds in the plans, whenever you get a raise etc.


Now comes another factor of deciding where you want your hard earned bread to go into, whether it is the stock market, bonds, stable accounts etc. Well, each one has its own risk and security factors, one must do a proper homework. Now Stable Value accounts are provided certifications from the government, so are very secure, but the growth rate of money is very steady and not highly progressive. However Stock markets are may be very progressive, or equally downfallen. Bonds again have a steady growth with money paid back with interest after a period of time. So priorities need to be considered before getting into any investments.


So here it is one of the best ways to become a millionaire, and the safest way if someone still believes that SLOW AND STEADY WINS THE RACE

Saturday, March 24, 2007

AMISH FURNITURE

When your furniture becomes the envy of your every visitor, you then know for sure that you have got one of the most exquisite pieces of Amish Furniture. Furniture so well crafted, so well finished, with such a regale of an appearance, unquestionably, this is a reason to celebrate. Amish furniture crafting is a heritage. It is passed on from generations. It is such a marvel of workmanship, that indeed, it is totally priceless and a lifetime investment.
Basically Amish Furniture is handcrafted out of solid wood. Oak tree is one of the most widely used ingredients of Amish Furniture. It is very difficult to believe that all this Handcrafted Amish Furniture is done at a place where there is no electricity. Generators usually operate tools out here. The reason being that Amish people are highly conservative, and are a well knit group among themselves, and prefer to have their own identity which vibe with the earlier generations.
Their conservativeness has never allowed them to interact much with the outside world. They were always self-sufficient. They had their own farms, they had their own harvest, they had their own trees, and hence when it came to building of houses and furniture, they developed and in-depth talent for the same. Amish Oak Furniture, slowly began to find a greater prospective. The furniture was so well crafted, it was so very strong and resistant, it was unique, it was exquisite, and soon the market with Amish Furniture began to prosper. A typical Amish Furniture shop has about 5-10 boys working under them, again with the basics only, no modern technology. The wood they bring in is sawed, and worked upon to achieve the ultimate classic look.
Apart from Oak, Cherry and Maple are few of the other trees that are used in building this furniture. These trees are known for their sturdiness, and longevity. The Amish are very selective about the wood. The wood in here is never pressed. The designs are completely unique to the core; that is to say, no pieces of Amish Furniture are the same. A lot of effort goes into making this, and maintaining the uniqueness. Since the entire furniture is hand crafted and has been marked for its workmanship, the skill that the Amish use is remarkable and notable.
The Amish make all kinds of furniture, from bedrooms, to kitchens, to living rooms, to closets etc. And since today the market has become so potential for Amish Furniture, one can find numerous online stores for Amish Furniture, one only needs to spell out what he wants, and he gets the best. So if it is pride that you are looking into, Amish Handcrafted Furniture is what you should go for

Wednesday, March 21, 2007

Spyware

If someone came into your house without your consent, hid himself and observed you day and night, kept a note of the vitals in your house how would you like it? Well the reply is but obvious “ I would thrash the daylights out of him.”. Well probably you can do this, if you are able to see this, but when you live in a virtual world and are attacked by such intruders, then there is very little that you can do about this. This situation in the virtual world is termed as Spyware. Technically it is a program that gets embedded in your system, and then keeps a track of that you do using your system.

Spyware for many is no different than a virus, but from the technical point of view, it is not so. Whereas a Virus is a piece of redundant code, that is aiming to crash your system, and further travel to all those systems connected to yours thus crashing an entire network, Spyware also, though unsolicited, is not aimed at crashing of a system, rather, it is there to serve the purpose of advertising, to steal your personal information from user-ids to passwords to financial information. Apart from these, it is also one proxy way to direct traffic to certain websites, to create clicks for various sites, to generate a false count etc. Ad ware is that form of spyware which is aimed at advertising as the name suggests, Malware, is the malicious spy ware and more worse is the Stealware spyware where funds are diverted from a legitimate source to a spyware vendor

Turning back the pages into way behind in 1995, the gravity of Spyware was understood even at that time. And this was the time when this term started to gain popularity. And with time, Spyware today is one of the most vital threats to the security of a system.

Commonly, it is observed that Windows Operating System is the one that is often hit, and Internet Explorer has more than often been a vulnerable victim to such attacks.

But how do we know that we are attacked by spy ware. Well there are a couple of very evident events that take place
Pop up windows pop out of nowhere.
System becomes extremely slow.
You see some unwanted programs installed.
Your browser toolbar has got some unwanted tool buttons that just came up on their own (Actually they don’t come up on their own, but you have installed them by getting conned by spy ware)
You see that your homepage has been set to some advertising web page

So, there you are, when you tick a yes to at least one, you definitely have a high risk of being infected by spyware. But how did this thing ever get into your system???? Again, the reasons being any of the following
· You have clicked on a pop up window, and suddenly you see another set of windows opening up, and to do away with all this, you may have clicked a masqueraded button.
· You found bonzi buddy or gator too cute and installed them, and then landed with every problem on earth.
· While you download various stuff from sites like Shareware etc, you downloaded spy ware too, which came free with this.

Records have said that two thirds of the systems that go online are infected with this. To prevent this, one needs to be equipped with anti spyware programs. Microsoft Anti-spyware, AVG Anti spyware etc are just few of the names.
Anti Spy ware programs fall into two categories, one which identifies and removes the spyware and the other that prevents installation of spy ware into your system.
Also, preventing of pop up windows and setting your filter security to a high level does help.

Spy ware is definitely a bitter experience for regular net surfers, but talking about legality, law does not permit spying. In US the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act is there to fight for the cause and in the UK, the Computer Misuse Act meets the same purpose. But like every coin has two sides, spy ware vendors defend themselves saying, their programs were never installed by conning someone. So long for the fights between right and wrong, but what really needs a thought is, Is someone stalking us?? And what can we do to prevent this

Friday, March 16, 2007

Virtual Private Networks

Speed, Security, Reliability, Extra Business, Safe Business, Communication, Mobility, Global are a couple of words that are so closely related to modern business houses. While every business today is looking towards expansion, towards making more revenue while maintaining and enhancing their performance, their communication set ups, and their time frames, it becomes mandatory to have a medium that allows all of these acts.
The history about this field of communication basically started with LAN , and further went to WAN ( Wide Area Network) to ISDN ( Integrated Services Digital Network) to Optical Fibers to Intranet to Internet. WAN was the most used, and can be compared to Internet in all of its efficiency, except that it was difficult to maintain all those leased lines, they turned out to be a load on the budget of the company.
VPN or a Virtual Private Network is the talk of the day now. Now this is a network, which connects the main Business House to its remote offices by making use of the Internet.


With the introduction of VPNs in regular business, it seen that it had a lot of benefits when compared to the WANs
A few benefits to name a few would be

Improved Security.
Improved Speed
Improved Connectivity.
Improved Feedback.
Improved Income.
Improvement in expansion of business.
Improvement in the geographic communications.
Improved output rate possible by reducing the communication time.
Improved Networking.

VPNs are basically of three types

THE VIRTUAL PRIVATE DIAL UP NETWORK (VPDN): This VPN is also commonly known as a VPN with Remote access. The mode of operation is that here a User connects to a LAN that is being used by the company, which has workmen in different remote areas, and need a private network to get connected. Often work is outsourced to various companies who are better known as Enterprise Service Provider or ESP. Here the ESP sets up a Network Access Server also known as NAS. Now NAS provides desktop client software to the remote user who dials a number to connect and use the client software to communicate with the Business house.

VPN WITH INTRANET:
When there are more than one remote location for a business house, they can be connected through LAN by using a VPN with Intranet.

VPN WITH EXTRANET:
When business houses deal with dealers or suppliers, they again connect through LAN by using a VPN with Extranet

SECURITY WITH VPN
With security being the primary issue with every Communication Network, VPN makes use of
Encryption: Now this is a procedure when a computer, which is transmitting data to another, encodes the entire data is a form, which only the said recipient can decode. Encryption also takes place in two ways. The first one is the encryption by means of a symmetric key, that is to say both the sender and the receiver must be loaded with a similar code, to transmit, receive and read the data. The second type of encryption is the one where a public key is used. That is the sender sends a data to another computer, and only if he has the key authorized by the sender will the data be decrypted.
AAA Servers: Also known as the Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting Servers. They are used to help remote users for their business purposes. Here as the name suggests, once the server encounters a request to use the client software, the end user is first checked for his authenticity which may be in the form of IP address, then his authorization roles are checked for and granted as per his role and then the final part of accounting takes place which is the duty of the end user. Thus again guaranteeing security.
Firewalls: They are barriers to protect your own network. They restrict the incoming messages as per need by looking into their category. Firewalls may usually be set on three modes, as low, medium and high, and set as per need.
§ Internet Protocol Security or IPSec : It provides encryption and authentication, and both the features are very highly enhanced. The methods employed here are called as Tunnel and Transport.

Thus equipped with every safety measure, and with great speeds VPNs are a great source towards establishing fast and reliable networks

Wednesday, March 14, 2007

SNORING AND REMEDIES

A“You were snoring last night.” . Certainly, this is not what you like to hear when you wake up in the morning. The situation is sometimes comic, sometimes pathetic, sometimes embarrassing, some times disgusting. But when on the serious side, snoring is something that needs serious attention.
Surveys show that 40% of men and 25 % of women are prone to snoring. No longer can you just keep aside the serious consequences of snoring, since it affects your system. Snoring would need medical attention when
You are totally tired the next day when you wake up.
You have a sever headache when you wake up.
When snoring causes sudden episodes of choking, and leaves you breathless.
Your body seems to be accumulating more weight.
Your are physically disturbed the next day.

But so many of us have never felt that snoring could ever possess a serious threat. For most of us who snore, it is just about being embarrassed when pointed out, or it is only about disturbing other’s sleep.
Doctors have come up with many methods of overcoming this habit. We in this section shall talk about a few of these habits now.
Sleeping in side ways is known to have a control over snoring to a certain extent; since the body is positioned in such a way that breathing is not obstructed.
Keeping your clothes stuffed with something is another method. In this method, what happens, that the body is inherently conscious that something somewhere is not very comfortable, hence you keep changing your positions, and changing positions does help in preventing the act of snoring
Obesity is also one of the causes, since with too much of weight, the breathing process is hampered, now this is due to extra cholesterol, the amount of work that the body needs to do keep the body blood circulation. So if you can manage to exercise, can manage to lose your weight, increase your metabolism, then snoring can again be controlled.
Alcohol is one more major reason, why people snore. This is generally observed by so many of us in everyday life, we often end up saying that “Aw, he was drunk yesterday, and so kept snoring all night.” But there is much more than what meets the eye here. Alcohol, causes the muscles of the throat to relax, thus when the process of breathing come into picture, the relaxed muscles refuse to work, thus hampering the action of breathing, and thus ending up with snoring until your muscles have got out of their fatigue.
Sleeping by positioning your head on a higher position than the rest of the body, that is sleeping in inclined position does help in breathing, as you must have seen in hospitals, where people with asthma attack are made to sleep in this particular position. And so with breathing going at regular pace, then snoring has no place.
Sometimes, when some patients refuse to follow all of the above-mentioned remedies, or if their problem is something very severe, doctors are often seen to prescribe for mouth guards. Mouth guards, do help in hampering the process of snoring.
Also, sleeping on time and maintaining that schedule also does help in controlling this situation

Sleeping well all night is such a lovely experience, but when hampered with things like this, it is no less than a nightmare. So these are just a few methods for those who want to sleep well, and also allow their roommate to sleep well. And now this is hoping that this article does help all the readers and here is wishing all of them PLEASANT DREAMS

HEALTH WITH POULTRY AND FISH

With the world becoming more conscious about diet, the benefits, the long term rewards, getting to know some fact files is always beneficial. In this article, we shall be talking about poultry and fish, and how to derive the best out of them.

Now both fish and poultry are very high in protein, and thus are excellent sources for those who are looking out for a protein rich diet. Also, nutrition facts do point that these food sources are a also good reserve for zinc, magnesium, vitamins iron. But since every coin has two sides the disadvantage is that they are also a source of fat, and cholesterol.

Turkey , Chicken are often the major contributors in the field of poultry. Now these turn out to be beneficial when they are skinned properly so that there are no fats or calories. But however since each one of us does differ in our cooking methods, it is often seen that when sauté these poultry products in high fat sauces, or roll them over in cheese, then no longer they serve the purpose of being a low calorie food.
Apart from the fact that we need to take care if we are diet conscious, there is a lot that takes to keep the food healthy. Right from the point of purchase to the point of storage and consumption, each stage does need a lot of care to be taken. Chronologically we would ideally begin with the purchase of the poultry product. Well, experts have guided us by let us know the principles of choosing a good product. The bird to be chosen must be plump, and the skin that is on the bird must be firm but at the same time must be moist too, it must not have no rotting smell or odorIt is advisable to store the chicken or turkey in deep freezer. If it is washed, cut and packed and kept in the deep freezer then it can be stored even for one year.
Also, poultry products when brought inside the home also bring in bacteria called salmonella, and this can cause food poisoning. So at this point, after you are done with washing, cutting and marinating the chicken or turkey, one must wash his/ her hands thoroughly. Also, the utensils that are used during this time must be washed thoroughly. Salmonella does get killed when cooked, but if you are leaving the utensils just like that, or are doing away without washing your hands, then you run a high risk of spreading the bacteria Salmonella every where in the house. Also, the marinade in which the chicken was earlier marinated must be boiled, in case you are going to use that again. Also, always marinate in the refrigerator, else, you always run a risk of ending up with spoilt poultry.
Now when it come to the most interesting part of cooking, we have always seen that expert chefs always cook poultry with skin on, what then becomes of the fat conscious. Well this is done actually to retain the flavor, however, you can definitely remove the skin when you are dining.
Though Fried chicken is the most appealing, it is not very nutritious when compared on the health chart, hence you can always roast it. Also, one must notice that chicken must always look white when cooked, and not pink when you make a cut inside. So here is towards eating some good chicken and turkey.
Eggs are a great source of protein, but many have said that they are also great sources of fat and cholesterol. But off late this myth has not been removed, and it is very nice to have a egg each day.
Benefits of Fish
Fish is a favorite among so many of us. They are placed so high in the nutrition charts. They are a good source of protein, they are low in fat, and they have healing properties.
Lean and fatty fish are the major fish always competing among one another. But it is fatty fish that have greater omega-3 fatty acids.

Eicosapentaenoic acid also abbreviated as EPA and Docosahexaenoic acid abbreviated as DHA are some of the constituents of fish and are so good to the heart. EPA is known to possess properties to prevent clots, which may be a cause to trigger a heart attack. DHA is known to regularize the electrical metabolism of the heart
Survey has pointed out that cardiac arrests are less in people who consume fish than those who do not. It was also seen that fish has helped many people with various diseases to heal. In India, in Hyderabad, families of local witch doctors are known to have cure people with breathing problems by making them swallow a fish stuffed with some medicine. Although the family is tight lipped about the procedure or the ingredients, Doctors do question the credibility of this method. But people are known to have been benefited.
Well, so much to that, but while we resume our talk about fish, its advantages, etc, let us talk about how to select a fish. It is advised to see that scales of the fish are shiny. The eyes of the fish must be protruding outside and not be sunk inside.
Since fish rots really soon, the earlier you consume the better, but never the less, you can always deep freeze it.
Fish is very tender and hence cooks very fast, so care must be taken while cooking to see to that it is not over cooked. Friend fish is always a delicacy, but again for the health conscious, it is advised that you bake it, with out extra fats.

Well, this is all about Fish and Poultry and hoping that small points as these will help you in making cooking healthier.

Tuesday, March 13, 2007

Cookies on Internet

It sounds very exciting when we talk about cookies, are they chocolate chip cookies or butter scotch cookies??? Well no, we are talking about the COOKIES ON INTERNET. So what is a cookie??When a web server stores a piece of text on the hard disk of the computer, which was visiting the server, that piece of text is called as a cookie. Physically it is usually a name followed by a value, and these are very often in pairs. A common man often considers a cookie to be program, which is put on to the user’s hard disk to monitor his activities, whereas this particular idea is just a myth. Cookies are not capable to deducing any such kind of information in reality
How do cookies work
Well the following is the sequence of events that take place to get a cookie to function and work
When we want to browse a particular URL, we type in the URL of that particular website into our browser, and in turn the browser sends a request to the website to gain access for the same.
Now when the information from our browser has reached the other end, then at that instant the website server will start scanning our machine to look for a unique identity that is a cookie, but since let us consider that this is our first visit to the website, there will be no cookies in store, hence our machine sends back a nil data.
So once this data is received, the website knows that you are visiting them for the first time, and assigns us with a unique identity which is usually a name and a value. So this is how the first cookie is created.
· Now let us suppose that we visit the same page again the next day, but this time, when the server scans our machine, it will be able to trace out a unique id, that is the cookie, thus informing the server that we had visited you earlier. And the server then uses the information for various purposes, to count the number of hits, to determine any expiry date, if you are using a trail pack etc

Applications of cookies

Because of caching, proxy servers etc, it was not possible to maintain a database of records to see the performance of a websites, cookies came in as help then, and have sorted out this problem. The main applications are the below mentioned though.
· Keep a count of the number of visitors.
· Determine the frequency of each visitor.
· Maintain record to see how web trafficking can be increased with new visitors, and compare data.
· Customization of websites, by gathering cookie information, example is changing the colors of your yahoo mail box.
· E-Commerce, finds this data very useful, since all the data in the shopping cart would revert back to the cookie that is the unique identity thus making tracking easier.
Disadvantages of Cookies
Cookies though seem to have been very helpful with their uniqueness pose many a problems too and thus have their own drawbacks.
When you are using a shared machine, one can even commit fraud . Very often we see the banking sites asking us to close the browser on machines once you are done with your session, since someone may just misuse this facility, and so now banking also has become more secure, when most of the banking sites do not allow you to go back.
· Sometimes we see that our browsing facility has become very slow, so usually what we do is delete all the offline content, all the history, all the cookies, so the next time you log on a website, there will be no ping from our end, thus causing the web server to assign us another unique identity, thus causing an error when it comes to keeping a track of the number of visitors .
· Also, it is never mandatory for me to use just one machine, sometimes, I may have a power supply problem, and I might just turn up at a close by internet cafĂ©, else, I may log on to my lap top when traveling, or may be I am at office, then what, I am a single person using so many different machines, so again the credibility of the count of visitors is under question. To tackle this, many websites have user identity etc.
· The possibility of your personal information being sold too when you are into online purchase is very high. Since the seller can always sell your information to other marketing agents.
· Spying is a greatest disadvantage in here.

So cookies though so unique have their own set of problems, but then with every problem, technology has always been able to find a counter solution, right now the cookie problems is dealt with implementing very strong security measures. Strong Fire walling etc. Thus keeping intact the basic purpose of having a cookie

Monday, March 12, 2007

Microprocessors

How many of us have come across the term, microprocessor based technology written on washing machines, or dishwashers etc. They are there almost everywhere, from toasters to microwave ovens to aircrafts and satellites. But what is a microprocessor, well in layman terms; it is central core vital element for a system to get functioning. Celeron, Pentium, Sparc, Power Pc etc are a few names of some microprocessors.


HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSORS:

When a microprocessor was first introduced, it was called as a Central Processing Unit or a CPU. The technology behind this that makes Microprocessors so special is that the entire unit is based on one single chip. Intel was the first company to have introduced the world to the technology of microprocessors; they had named this budding baby Intel 4004. At that time the basic functions that it could compute was just addition and subtraction. The year was 1971, and this was the time that electronic calculators were much in use, but they were all transistors which were wired one at a time, and assembled together, so to have the entire system working with just one chip was just amazing.
And then as time progressed, then came Intel 8080, and this was the first time that it was used in a home computer. This was a 8 bit chip. Then came in so many more 8080 to 8086 to 8088 to 80286 to 80386 to PI to PII to PIV. And with each new version, the speed only increased. Survey records have shown that PIV is 5000 times more faster that the 8088.

The following are a few terms that are always found when referencing to microprocessors and they are
Chip
IC or Integrated Chip is also a synonym for a chip
It has a number of transistors loaded on to it.
The chip usually is a thin strip that is usually made up of silicon and they carry the transistors, which have been fixed on to them
In size they may vary from a few square millimeters to an inch

Transistors
These are the number of PNP or NPN circuits on the chip.

3. Microns
· It is a unit of measurement of the width of the smallest wire that is based on the chip. The lesser the number of microns, the more the space available for the transistors.

4. Clock Speed:
· it is the rate at which a chip can be timed.

5. Data Width Data
· It is the width of the number of bytes. That is whether the chip is 8 bit or 32 bit, thus implying that the more the width, the more the manipulations.

6. MIPS
· "millions of instructions per second" that gives a general idea about the performance of a CPU


HOW DO MICROPROCESSORS WORK


The basic components of a typical microprocessor are
Address Bus: This is a bus that sends address to memory. It may be 8/16/32 bit.
Data Bus: This is a bi directional line that sends data to memory or vice versa. It may also be 8/16/32 bit
Read Line/Write Line: It tells the memory whether to set or to get the addressed location
Clock Line: Sets up pulses for the processor for the clock to be sequenced.
Reset Line Used to reset Program Counter to start or 0
Registers they are simple latches that are made out of flip flops.
Microprocessor Memory RD/ WR are the lines that are connected RAM / ROM or both
ROM is also known as Read Only Memory and as the name suggest, it only reads.
RAM is Random Access Memory Since information stored on this is valid only for one session till the power unit is on; the data is then usually stored on ROM
The ROM is also called as the BIOS in a PC (Basic Input/Output System).

A microprocessor basically understands only MLL or Machine Level Language.
The most common activities are the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) Operations, else floating point operations as in little high qualified microprocessors, moving of data from one location to another , making decisions, jumping, timing etc.


Microprocessor Instructions

The following are the set of instructions that are common to almost all microprocessors

LOAD A mem - Load register A from memory address
LOAD B mem - Load register B from memory address
CONB con - Load a constant value into register B
SAVE B mem - Save register B to memory address
SAVE C mem - Save register C to memory address
ADD - Add A and B and store the result in C
SUB - Subtract A and B and store the result in C
MUL - Multiply A and B and store the result in C
DIV - Divide A and B and store the result in C
COM - Compare A and B and store the result in test
JUMP addr - Jump to an address
JEQ addr - Jump, if equal, to address
JNEQ addr - Jump, if not equal, to address
JG addr - Jump, if greater than, to address
JGE addr - Jump, if greater than or equal, to address
JL addr - Jump, if less than, to address
JLE addr - Jump, if less than or equal, to address
STOP - Stop execution


Decoding

Decoding is about decoding the opcodes into a sequence of signals that make the components in the microprocessor function. Example is the ADD instruction, which is explained below
First the Program Counter is set,
The Rd line is activated
The data in buffer is set
The Add instruction is decided by setting the counter to addition operation in the ALU
The O/P is latched to the O/P register generally C
Program Counter is increased.


Well today microprocessors do follow so many architectures, they have 1 GB RAM, too many transistors to increase the pipelining, they follow the MMX instruction sets, thus are alls et to take the world in their stride and are definitely here to race time

weddings on Cruiseships

Weddings on Cruise Ships, and on this ship you commit “ I do”. These are the words that define a commitment for a lifetime, and this is the moment, which is most intimate, most cherished, most treasured. A feeling that is so close to your hearts, which you know you are in heaven. Hmm… reminds me MARIAGES ARE MADE IN HEAVEN and Heaven today has been reincarnated on a luxury Cruise Ship.
The Panorama of relishing the sea, dancing under a starry sky, having the ocean to witness a moment so precious, with the gentle gales blowing, and with family and friends who have conjured up to add to the basket of happiness, these Cruise Ships have made a very deep impact for all such special moments.
Weddings on Cruise Ships are a big market as on today, they look into every detail of a wedding and are tailored to suit all the budgets. From arrangements of flower-decked chapels, to champagne toasts or sparkling wines, music, to recordings, bouquets, to keepsake memos are all usually all on the list. Also, most of these Cruise ships, which organize weddings, have a cadre of chefs, who in turn are so adept at spreading a lavish luncheon or dinner as the case may be. Many a cruise ships have dancers, members to play music, some organize theme-wedding parties, some have a lot of programs etc.
Weddings on Cruise Ships usually is about getting the couple to tie the knot on port and then embark a ship, since it is to maintain the legality of the wedding. On similar terms is the wedding destination package, where the couple heads for the destination port to get married, and may embark further for an on voyage for the honeymoon.
Wedding on a Cruise Ship is almost every couples dream, and hence budget packages are also available, and depending on that the guests stay may be designed.
Grand Princess is a Cruise Ship, which allows the couple to marry on the ocean. The liner has the most wonderfully adorned Wedding Chappell, and it arranges for the clergyman, to help the couple to get married, before they can embark on their voyage. Also if someone wants to get married on the ocean with the waves hitting the ship, the Captain of the ship is authorized to preside such ceremonies. But however, this wedding must be registered on the next port the ship docks into. They also have a provision for a live telecast of wedding ceremony to family and friends who could not make it.
Carnival Cruise Lines, which is associated with CLIA (Cruise Lines International Association) arranges for programs towards performing traditional marriage ceremonies.
Celebrity Cruise arranges for Deck Weddings, adorned with flowers, with a huge galley of events to cover the marriage ceremony, which drinks flowing, and food ruling the taste buds.
Disney Cruise Lines as the name suggests arranges for that them based fairy tale wedding, with coordinators available to look over the Wedding and the follow-ups too. They also boast of pampering the couple on shores, and spas, and if budget has no strings then you can get on their private island to get married.
Royal Caribbean International talks about a package called “Explorer wedding” which allows marrying atop glaciers
With the ever increase in demand for Weddings on Cruise Ships, there are a number of liners who have various packages to suits everyone’s needs, but before taking upon any of them, an extensive research is defiantly advised.
But to put it short, Weddings on Cruise Ships where the gentle breeze blows and reiterates the vows between you and your beloved are worth the most. For all memorable times ,you have given yourself the best gift of getting married on a Cruise Ship

Adult Cruise Vacations

Adult Cruise Vacations, a term that finds in-depth closeness to being intimate, to getting relaxed, to getting to be charged, to getting to be unperturbed, reaching new horizons towards ecstasy. Adult Cruise vacations are a big market today where everyone who is working out everyday in his profession, and is looking out towards rewarding himself a well earned break.
“ All work and no play make Jack a dull boy.” And here today most the laymen are jacks, and with the ever-growing pace of work atmosphere, man does need a break, a holiday, and Adult Cruise Vacations help in achieving the same. Cruise Lines generally do have a lot of packages for all kind of adults, with a fine print in brochures meant for adults, saying it is for the age of 18 and above. These packages come in for all kinds of vacationers, who have different tastes, some may just want to relax in the couch for the entire time, and they have their cabin well done, with good shows to watch on, or may be they can sun bask on the decks, with good cocktail or mock tail drinks being served upon them, additionally they may go in for the health clubs and spas. Or they may even love to enjoy a sauna or a Jacuzzi right inside their own bath. The other type may be of those who are adventurous, and may want to work it out, like play tennis, play golf, go pseudo rock climbing, or beach combing, or scuba diving and then may prefer to have a candle lit dinner in the evening. Whether it is about having a candle lit dinner, or being pampered with quality wine, and hula dancers, and music to soothe the ears, the adult vacation cruises are all about indulgence, intimacy, and extravagance. The casinos on board are a huge hit too. With bartenders pulling up a variety of drinks from their sleeves, the place is all alive. The place is all set to rock.
Many adult packages are tailored beginning with their welcome drinks, breakfast, health package on board which has a nice massage, reiki therapy, and now a days the Indian Ayurveda, the Thai massage etc, the evening program sheet, which may have an opera, or may be a dance, or may be a couple of other events, followed by dinner which may be candlelit, or by the railings, if it has on outdoor restaurant.
Swinger vacations are exclusively cut to make Adult Cruise Vacations, they have most intimate environ and ambience created. The daytime is mostly about adventure sports. And boasts about having personal workmen to pamper all your needs.
Disney Cruises also have a great deal of events that an adult may want to indulge into. By and large, with the ever-growing competition, the packages are more generous.
Adult Cruise Vacations are definitely thus one way to completely undress your soul and step into a recharged new soul at the end of the trip.

Single Cruise

Single Cruise vacations have been a boon for all those singles who are looking out for that extra bit of life. Many a Cruise Lines have been offering numerous programs for all those singles who are out there to seek some adventure, some fun, some rest, some romance, and also to learn while you relax.
Single Cruise Vacation, a term that would be better be understood as planned sea voyage/excursion. Single Cruise Vacations from the perspective of the cruise Line management is all about offering the best and the most unique. Usually most of the packages include health and fitness packages. These packages are aimed at those who are on this cruise to relax, to rejuvenate, to tone up, to through the stress factor. They have wonderful massages, facials, spas, Jacuzzis, reiki, Thai massages and so many more things that come up on the health table. What could be more fun for a single that relaxing on a Cruise Liner and have a good massage, a facial, a pedicure, a manicure. Also, they are a set of Singles, who want to make use of this vacation to pep up their skills, or may be add something more to their knowledge bank. Since many liner who offer Single Cruise vacation packages, arrange for guest lectures, or some classes on cooking, computers, art , nutrition, wine and its tasting sciences.
Apart from all of these the cruise liners also offer many fun games, cocktail parties, events at casinos, get together. They do have a lot of programs, which are solely intended to introduce singles to one another. Also, particular methodologies are applied to see to that, unknown singles, with same interests, are seated together during dinner, which will only give them a chance to know one another. A common, notion that is used by every cruise liner is “ Gentleman Host”. Now this is one interesting program, where every singles is introduced to a partner of opposite sex, so that they can dance together at parties.
Now hen it comes to the living quarters for singles on the cruise, usually it is on twin sharing basis. The reason being that not many liners are having single cabins, but the broader perspective would be that, you begin bond more close, when you live with a person. And efforts are made to see to that you both have similar interests. Also, the room partner is of the same sex.
When we look at this entire affair of the Singles on a Cruise Vacations, it would not be wrong to summarize this voyage as a voyage towards sumptuousness, affluence and opulence. It is a boon for all those who are all out there to see new places, explore and feel the culture, silently and with a deep satisfaction, can feel the wisps of the sea breeze. And most rewarding of all would be, when Cupid would strike, well but one needs to be lucky for this.
Singles on the whole can learn new things, make everlasting friendships. Also, for those with that naughty smile who are into adventure, well there are a lot of sports activities line dup too. Casinos, boutiques, hunt for memoirs, and sumptuous lunch or dinner, with some good wine are more than one can ask for. The dining lounges so well done that you actually have to be there to see it and feel it.
Holland America, Ocean Village, African Safari Club, Crystal are just few of the names in the large list of all those providers who have got special woven packages for singles. So for Singles on a Cruise ship Vacation, it will not be wrong to say that live life king size.

Cruise Ship

Cruise Ship!!!! Voila. And all that comes to mind is luxuries, holidays, extensive pampering on a nice gratifying, sensational, and flattering voyage. No more is it mundane and monotonous to think about ships, the vast oceans, and the seasickness associated with it. The luxury ships have now found a new term called Cruise Liners, and they are all about a State of Art of Living.
Cruise Liners are on date equipped with every thing that is associated with delight, contentment, and ease. They are here to rejuvenate the tired mind and body, to bring families together, to have the most lavish weddings on board, to enhance the ceremonial occasions of the royal families and further it is just one more reason for all those who can afford to open up their wallets a little bit to party and envisage all the lavishness that life has to offer to them.
These liners are today all designed to have the best of all the amenities namely casinos, specialty restaurants, bars and lounges, specialty clubs, jogging tracks, sports arena, state of art rooms with the most exotic interiors, internet cafes, entertainers, spas and health clubs, coffee shoppe’s, other shopping arenas, internet cafes, ocean view areas etc. Name any luxury and today it is available on most of the Star Cruise Liners.
However, for all the travelers it is advisable to check upon the date of entry of the ship that you are going to board, the available amenities etc. It is in their interest to carry a deck plan with them, and to understand what they can expect aboard. Also, it is advisable to have good study about the liner you are going to board.
Many a times there are experiences of a first timer on a liner where ignorance has left them a exorbitant bill, like in case of welcome drinks where in the charges are high than what you can get by just walking past a few deck boys. Health Clubs and Spas are mostly meant for indulgence on this ship, but at the same time most of then are exorbitantly priced. But yes, unless you have no strings attached to your purse, this is a lifetime experience.
Food is always available to pamper the buds of your tongue. And most of the liners have more than three types of restaurants to attend upon your needs. Striking salads, out of the ordinary menus, do satisfy your hunger pangs. And it is very rare for someone to go hungry on Cruise Liner.
The casinos have always been a star attractions of so many a Cruise Liners, so as far as you have good money to gamble with, this is another arena where you can play to your hearts content.
Well all in all, this is one experience that beckons you to come back for more.