How many of us have come across the term, microprocessor based technology written on washing machines, or dishwashers etc. They are there almost everywhere, from toasters to microwave ovens to aircrafts and satellites. But what is a microprocessor, well in layman terms; it is central core vital element for a system to get functioning. Celeron, Pentium, Sparc, Power Pc etc are a few names of some microprocessors.
HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSORS:
When a microprocessor was first introduced, it was called as a Central Processing Unit or a CPU. The technology behind this that makes Microprocessors so special is that the entire unit is based on one single chip. Intel was the first company to have introduced the world to the technology of microprocessors; they had named this budding baby Intel 4004. At that time the basic functions that it could compute was just addition and subtraction. The year was 1971, and this was the time that electronic calculators were much in use, but they were all transistors which were wired one at a time, and assembled together, so to have the entire system working with just one chip was just amazing.
And then as time progressed, then came Intel 8080, and this was the first time that it was used in a home computer. This was a 8 bit chip. Then came in so many more 8080 to 8086 to 8088 to 80286 to 80386 to PI to PII to PIV. And with each new version, the speed only increased. Survey records have shown that PIV is 5000 times more faster that the 8088.
The following are a few terms that are always found when referencing to microprocessors and they are
Chip
IC or Integrated Chip is also a synonym for a chip
It has a number of transistors loaded on to it.
The chip usually is a thin strip that is usually made up of silicon and they carry the transistors, which have been fixed on to them
In size they may vary from a few square millimeters to an inch
Transistors
These are the number of PNP or NPN circuits on the chip.
3. Microns
· It is a unit of measurement of the width of the smallest wire that is based on the chip. The lesser the number of microns, the more the space available for the transistors.
4. Clock Speed:
· it is the rate at which a chip can be timed.
5. Data Width Data
· It is the width of the number of bytes. That is whether the chip is 8 bit or 32 bit, thus implying that the more the width, the more the manipulations.
6. MIPS
· "millions of instructions per second" that gives a general idea about the performance of a CPU
HOW DO MICROPROCESSORS WORK
The basic components of a typical microprocessor are
Address Bus: This is a bus that sends address to memory. It may be 8/16/32 bit.
Data Bus: This is a bi directional line that sends data to memory or vice versa. It may also be 8/16/32 bit
Read Line/Write Line: It tells the memory whether to set or to get the addressed location
Clock Line: Sets up pulses for the processor for the clock to be sequenced.
Reset Line Used to reset Program Counter to start or 0
Registers they are simple latches that are made out of flip flops.
Microprocessor Memory RD/ WR are the lines that are connected RAM / ROM or both
ROM is also known as Read Only Memory and as the name suggest, it only reads.
RAM is Random Access Memory Since information stored on this is valid only for one session till the power unit is on; the data is then usually stored on ROM
The ROM is also called as the BIOS in a PC (Basic Input/Output System).
A microprocessor basically understands only MLL or Machine Level Language.
The most common activities are the ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) Operations, else floating point operations as in little high qualified microprocessors, moving of data from one location to another , making decisions, jumping, timing etc.
Microprocessor Instructions
The following are the set of instructions that are common to almost all microprocessors
LOAD A mem - Load register A from memory address
LOAD B mem - Load register B from memory address
CONB con - Load a constant value into register B
SAVE B mem - Save register B to memory address
SAVE C mem - Save register C to memory address
ADD - Add A and B and store the result in C
SUB - Subtract A and B and store the result in C
MUL - Multiply A and B and store the result in C
DIV - Divide A and B and store the result in C
COM - Compare A and B and store the result in test
JUMP addr - Jump to an address
JEQ addr - Jump, if equal, to address
JNEQ addr - Jump, if not equal, to address
JG addr - Jump, if greater than, to address
JGE addr - Jump, if greater than or equal, to address
JL addr - Jump, if less than, to address
JLE addr - Jump, if less than or equal, to address
STOP - Stop execution
Decoding
Decoding is about decoding the opcodes into a sequence of signals that make the components in the microprocessor function. Example is the ADD instruction, which is explained below
First the Program Counter is set,
The Rd line is activated
The data in buffer is set
The Add instruction is decided by setting the counter to addition operation in the ALU
The O/P is latched to the O/P register generally C
Program Counter is increased.
Well today microprocessors do follow so many architectures, they have 1 GB RAM, too many transistors to increase the pipelining, they follow the MMX instruction sets, thus are alls et to take the world in their stride and are definitely here to race time
Monday, March 12, 2007
weddings on Cruiseships
Weddings on Cruise Ships, and on this ship you commit “ I do”. These are the words that define a commitment for a lifetime, and this is the moment, which is most intimate, most cherished, most treasured. A feeling that is so close to your hearts, which you know you are in heaven. Hmm… reminds me MARIAGES ARE MADE IN HEAVEN and Heaven today has been reincarnated on a luxury Cruise Ship.
The Panorama of relishing the sea, dancing under a starry sky, having the ocean to witness a moment so precious, with the gentle gales blowing, and with family and friends who have conjured up to add to the basket of happiness, these Cruise Ships have made a very deep impact for all such special moments.
Weddings on Cruise Ships are a big market as on today, they look into every detail of a wedding and are tailored to suit all the budgets. From arrangements of flower-decked chapels, to champagne toasts or sparkling wines, music, to recordings, bouquets, to keepsake memos are all usually all on the list. Also, most of these Cruise ships, which organize weddings, have a cadre of chefs, who in turn are so adept at spreading a lavish luncheon or dinner as the case may be. Many a cruise ships have dancers, members to play music, some organize theme-wedding parties, some have a lot of programs etc.
Weddings on Cruise Ships usually is about getting the couple to tie the knot on port and then embark a ship, since it is to maintain the legality of the wedding. On similar terms is the wedding destination package, where the couple heads for the destination port to get married, and may embark further for an on voyage for the honeymoon.
Wedding on a Cruise Ship is almost every couples dream, and hence budget packages are also available, and depending on that the guests stay may be designed.
Grand Princess is a Cruise Ship, which allows the couple to marry on the ocean. The liner has the most wonderfully adorned Wedding Chappell, and it arranges for the clergyman, to help the couple to get married, before they can embark on their voyage. Also if someone wants to get married on the ocean with the waves hitting the ship, the Captain of the ship is authorized to preside such ceremonies. But however, this wedding must be registered on the next port the ship docks into. They also have a provision for a live telecast of wedding ceremony to family and friends who could not make it.
Carnival Cruise Lines, which is associated with CLIA (Cruise Lines International Association) arranges for programs towards performing traditional marriage ceremonies.
Celebrity Cruise arranges for Deck Weddings, adorned with flowers, with a huge galley of events to cover the marriage ceremony, which drinks flowing, and food ruling the taste buds.
Disney Cruise Lines as the name suggests arranges for that them based fairy tale wedding, with coordinators available to look over the Wedding and the follow-ups too. They also boast of pampering the couple on shores, and spas, and if budget has no strings then you can get on their private island to get married.
Royal Caribbean International talks about a package called “Explorer wedding” which allows marrying atop glaciers
With the ever increase in demand for Weddings on Cruise Ships, there are a number of liners who have various packages to suits everyone’s needs, but before taking upon any of them, an extensive research is defiantly advised.
But to put it short, Weddings on Cruise Ships where the gentle breeze blows and reiterates the vows between you and your beloved are worth the most. For all memorable times ,you have given yourself the best gift of getting married on a Cruise Ship
The Panorama of relishing the sea, dancing under a starry sky, having the ocean to witness a moment so precious, with the gentle gales blowing, and with family and friends who have conjured up to add to the basket of happiness, these Cruise Ships have made a very deep impact for all such special moments.
Weddings on Cruise Ships are a big market as on today, they look into every detail of a wedding and are tailored to suit all the budgets. From arrangements of flower-decked chapels, to champagne toasts or sparkling wines, music, to recordings, bouquets, to keepsake memos are all usually all on the list. Also, most of these Cruise ships, which organize weddings, have a cadre of chefs, who in turn are so adept at spreading a lavish luncheon or dinner as the case may be. Many a cruise ships have dancers, members to play music, some organize theme-wedding parties, some have a lot of programs etc.
Weddings on Cruise Ships usually is about getting the couple to tie the knot on port and then embark a ship, since it is to maintain the legality of the wedding. On similar terms is the wedding destination package, where the couple heads for the destination port to get married, and may embark further for an on voyage for the honeymoon.
Wedding on a Cruise Ship is almost every couples dream, and hence budget packages are also available, and depending on that the guests stay may be designed.
Grand Princess is a Cruise Ship, which allows the couple to marry on the ocean. The liner has the most wonderfully adorned Wedding Chappell, and it arranges for the clergyman, to help the couple to get married, before they can embark on their voyage. Also if someone wants to get married on the ocean with the waves hitting the ship, the Captain of the ship is authorized to preside such ceremonies. But however, this wedding must be registered on the next port the ship docks into. They also have a provision for a live telecast of wedding ceremony to family and friends who could not make it.
Carnival Cruise Lines, which is associated with CLIA (Cruise Lines International Association) arranges for programs towards performing traditional marriage ceremonies.
Celebrity Cruise arranges for Deck Weddings, adorned with flowers, with a huge galley of events to cover the marriage ceremony, which drinks flowing, and food ruling the taste buds.
Disney Cruise Lines as the name suggests arranges for that them based fairy tale wedding, with coordinators available to look over the Wedding and the follow-ups too. They also boast of pampering the couple on shores, and spas, and if budget has no strings then you can get on their private island to get married.
Royal Caribbean International talks about a package called “Explorer wedding” which allows marrying atop glaciers
With the ever increase in demand for Weddings on Cruise Ships, there are a number of liners who have various packages to suits everyone’s needs, but before taking upon any of them, an extensive research is defiantly advised.
But to put it short, Weddings on Cruise Ships where the gentle breeze blows and reiterates the vows between you and your beloved are worth the most. For all memorable times ,you have given yourself the best gift of getting married on a Cruise Ship
Adult Cruise Vacations
Adult Cruise Vacations, a term that finds in-depth closeness to being intimate, to getting relaxed, to getting to be charged, to getting to be unperturbed, reaching new horizons towards ecstasy. Adult Cruise vacations are a big market today where everyone who is working out everyday in his profession, and is looking out towards rewarding himself a well earned break.
“ All work and no play make Jack a dull boy.” And here today most the laymen are jacks, and with the ever-growing pace of work atmosphere, man does need a break, a holiday, and Adult Cruise Vacations help in achieving the same. Cruise Lines generally do have a lot of packages for all kind of adults, with a fine print in brochures meant for adults, saying it is for the age of 18 and above. These packages come in for all kinds of vacationers, who have different tastes, some may just want to relax in the couch for the entire time, and they have their cabin well done, with good shows to watch on, or may be they can sun bask on the decks, with good cocktail or mock tail drinks being served upon them, additionally they may go in for the health clubs and spas. Or they may even love to enjoy a sauna or a Jacuzzi right inside their own bath. The other type may be of those who are adventurous, and may want to work it out, like play tennis, play golf, go pseudo rock climbing, or beach combing, or scuba diving and then may prefer to have a candle lit dinner in the evening. Whether it is about having a candle lit dinner, or being pampered with quality wine, and hula dancers, and music to soothe the ears, the adult vacation cruises are all about indulgence, intimacy, and extravagance. The casinos on board are a huge hit too. With bartenders pulling up a variety of drinks from their sleeves, the place is all alive. The place is all set to rock.
Many adult packages are tailored beginning with their welcome drinks, breakfast, health package on board which has a nice massage, reiki therapy, and now a days the Indian Ayurveda, the Thai massage etc, the evening program sheet, which may have an opera, or may be a dance, or may be a couple of other events, followed by dinner which may be candlelit, or by the railings, if it has on outdoor restaurant.
Swinger vacations are exclusively cut to make Adult Cruise Vacations, they have most intimate environ and ambience created. The daytime is mostly about adventure sports. And boasts about having personal workmen to pamper all your needs.
Disney Cruises also have a great deal of events that an adult may want to indulge into. By and large, with the ever-growing competition, the packages are more generous.
Adult Cruise Vacations are definitely thus one way to completely undress your soul and step into a recharged new soul at the end of the trip.
“ All work and no play make Jack a dull boy.” And here today most the laymen are jacks, and with the ever-growing pace of work atmosphere, man does need a break, a holiday, and Adult Cruise Vacations help in achieving the same. Cruise Lines generally do have a lot of packages for all kind of adults, with a fine print in brochures meant for adults, saying it is for the age of 18 and above. These packages come in for all kinds of vacationers, who have different tastes, some may just want to relax in the couch for the entire time, and they have their cabin well done, with good shows to watch on, or may be they can sun bask on the decks, with good cocktail or mock tail drinks being served upon them, additionally they may go in for the health clubs and spas. Or they may even love to enjoy a sauna or a Jacuzzi right inside their own bath. The other type may be of those who are adventurous, and may want to work it out, like play tennis, play golf, go pseudo rock climbing, or beach combing, or scuba diving and then may prefer to have a candle lit dinner in the evening. Whether it is about having a candle lit dinner, or being pampered with quality wine, and hula dancers, and music to soothe the ears, the adult vacation cruises are all about indulgence, intimacy, and extravagance. The casinos on board are a huge hit too. With bartenders pulling up a variety of drinks from their sleeves, the place is all alive. The place is all set to rock.
Many adult packages are tailored beginning with their welcome drinks, breakfast, health package on board which has a nice massage, reiki therapy, and now a days the Indian Ayurveda, the Thai massage etc, the evening program sheet, which may have an opera, or may be a dance, or may be a couple of other events, followed by dinner which may be candlelit, or by the railings, if it has on outdoor restaurant.
Swinger vacations are exclusively cut to make Adult Cruise Vacations, they have most intimate environ and ambience created. The daytime is mostly about adventure sports. And boasts about having personal workmen to pamper all your needs.
Disney Cruises also have a great deal of events that an adult may want to indulge into. By and large, with the ever-growing competition, the packages are more generous.
Adult Cruise Vacations are definitely thus one way to completely undress your soul and step into a recharged new soul at the end of the trip.
Single Cruise
Single Cruise vacations have been a boon for all those singles who are looking out for that extra bit of life. Many a Cruise Lines have been offering numerous programs for all those singles who are out there to seek some adventure, some fun, some rest, some romance, and also to learn while you relax.
Single Cruise Vacation, a term that would be better be understood as planned sea voyage/excursion. Single Cruise Vacations from the perspective of the cruise Line management is all about offering the best and the most unique. Usually most of the packages include health and fitness packages. These packages are aimed at those who are on this cruise to relax, to rejuvenate, to tone up, to through the stress factor. They have wonderful massages, facials, spas, Jacuzzis, reiki, Thai massages and so many more things that come up on the health table. What could be more fun for a single that relaxing on a Cruise Liner and have a good massage, a facial, a pedicure, a manicure. Also, they are a set of Singles, who want to make use of this vacation to pep up their skills, or may be add something more to their knowledge bank. Since many liner who offer Single Cruise vacation packages, arrange for guest lectures, or some classes on cooking, computers, art , nutrition, wine and its tasting sciences.
Apart from all of these the cruise liners also offer many fun games, cocktail parties, events at casinos, get together. They do have a lot of programs, which are solely intended to introduce singles to one another. Also, particular methodologies are applied to see to that, unknown singles, with same interests, are seated together during dinner, which will only give them a chance to know one another. A common, notion that is used by every cruise liner is “ Gentleman Host”. Now this is one interesting program, where every singles is introduced to a partner of opposite sex, so that they can dance together at parties.
Now hen it comes to the living quarters for singles on the cruise, usually it is on twin sharing basis. The reason being that not many liners are having single cabins, but the broader perspective would be that, you begin bond more close, when you live with a person. And efforts are made to see to that you both have similar interests. Also, the room partner is of the same sex.
When we look at this entire affair of the Singles on a Cruise Vacations, it would not be wrong to summarize this voyage as a voyage towards sumptuousness, affluence and opulence. It is a boon for all those who are all out there to see new places, explore and feel the culture, silently and with a deep satisfaction, can feel the wisps of the sea breeze. And most rewarding of all would be, when Cupid would strike, well but one needs to be lucky for this.
Singles on the whole can learn new things, make everlasting friendships. Also, for those with that naughty smile who are into adventure, well there are a lot of sports activities line dup too. Casinos, boutiques, hunt for memoirs, and sumptuous lunch or dinner, with some good wine are more than one can ask for. The dining lounges so well done that you actually have to be there to see it and feel it.
Holland America, Ocean Village, African Safari Club, Crystal are just few of the names in the large list of all those providers who have got special woven packages for singles. So for Singles on a Cruise ship Vacation, it will not be wrong to say that live life king size.
Single Cruise Vacation, a term that would be better be understood as planned sea voyage/excursion. Single Cruise Vacations from the perspective of the cruise Line management is all about offering the best and the most unique. Usually most of the packages include health and fitness packages. These packages are aimed at those who are on this cruise to relax, to rejuvenate, to tone up, to through the stress factor. They have wonderful massages, facials, spas, Jacuzzis, reiki, Thai massages and so many more things that come up on the health table. What could be more fun for a single that relaxing on a Cruise Liner and have a good massage, a facial, a pedicure, a manicure. Also, they are a set of Singles, who want to make use of this vacation to pep up their skills, or may be add something more to their knowledge bank. Since many liner who offer Single Cruise vacation packages, arrange for guest lectures, or some classes on cooking, computers, art , nutrition, wine and its tasting sciences.
Apart from all of these the cruise liners also offer many fun games, cocktail parties, events at casinos, get together. They do have a lot of programs, which are solely intended to introduce singles to one another. Also, particular methodologies are applied to see to that, unknown singles, with same interests, are seated together during dinner, which will only give them a chance to know one another. A common, notion that is used by every cruise liner is “ Gentleman Host”. Now this is one interesting program, where every singles is introduced to a partner of opposite sex, so that they can dance together at parties.
Now hen it comes to the living quarters for singles on the cruise, usually it is on twin sharing basis. The reason being that not many liners are having single cabins, but the broader perspective would be that, you begin bond more close, when you live with a person. And efforts are made to see to that you both have similar interests. Also, the room partner is of the same sex.
When we look at this entire affair of the Singles on a Cruise Vacations, it would not be wrong to summarize this voyage as a voyage towards sumptuousness, affluence and opulence. It is a boon for all those who are all out there to see new places, explore and feel the culture, silently and with a deep satisfaction, can feel the wisps of the sea breeze. And most rewarding of all would be, when Cupid would strike, well but one needs to be lucky for this.
Singles on the whole can learn new things, make everlasting friendships. Also, for those with that naughty smile who are into adventure, well there are a lot of sports activities line dup too. Casinos, boutiques, hunt for memoirs, and sumptuous lunch or dinner, with some good wine are more than one can ask for. The dining lounges so well done that you actually have to be there to see it and feel it.
Holland America, Ocean Village, African Safari Club, Crystal are just few of the names in the large list of all those providers who have got special woven packages for singles. So for Singles on a Cruise ship Vacation, it will not be wrong to say that live life king size.
Cruise Ship
Cruise Ship!!!! Voila. And all that comes to mind is luxuries, holidays, extensive pampering on a nice gratifying, sensational, and flattering voyage. No more is it mundane and monotonous to think about ships, the vast oceans, and the seasickness associated with it. The luxury ships have now found a new term called Cruise Liners, and they are all about a State of Art of Living.
Cruise Liners are on date equipped with every thing that is associated with delight, contentment, and ease. They are here to rejuvenate the tired mind and body, to bring families together, to have the most lavish weddings on board, to enhance the ceremonial occasions of the royal families and further it is just one more reason for all those who can afford to open up their wallets a little bit to party and envisage all the lavishness that life has to offer to them.
These liners are today all designed to have the best of all the amenities namely casinos, specialty restaurants, bars and lounges, specialty clubs, jogging tracks, sports arena, state of art rooms with the most exotic interiors, internet cafes, entertainers, spas and health clubs, coffee shoppe’s, other shopping arenas, internet cafes, ocean view areas etc. Name any luxury and today it is available on most of the Star Cruise Liners.
However, for all the travelers it is advisable to check upon the date of entry of the ship that you are going to board, the available amenities etc. It is in their interest to carry a deck plan with them, and to understand what they can expect aboard. Also, it is advisable to have good study about the liner you are going to board.
Many a times there are experiences of a first timer on a liner where ignorance has left them a exorbitant bill, like in case of welcome drinks where in the charges are high than what you can get by just walking past a few deck boys. Health Clubs and Spas are mostly meant for indulgence on this ship, but at the same time most of then are exorbitantly priced. But yes, unless you have no strings attached to your purse, this is a lifetime experience.
Food is always available to pamper the buds of your tongue. And most of the liners have more than three types of restaurants to attend upon your needs. Striking salads, out of the ordinary menus, do satisfy your hunger pangs. And it is very rare for someone to go hungry on Cruise Liner.
The casinos have always been a star attractions of so many a Cruise Liners, so as far as you have good money to gamble with, this is another arena where you can play to your hearts content.
Well all in all, this is one experience that beckons you to come back for more.
Cruise Liners are on date equipped with every thing that is associated with delight, contentment, and ease. They are here to rejuvenate the tired mind and body, to bring families together, to have the most lavish weddings on board, to enhance the ceremonial occasions of the royal families and further it is just one more reason for all those who can afford to open up their wallets a little bit to party and envisage all the lavishness that life has to offer to them.
These liners are today all designed to have the best of all the amenities namely casinos, specialty restaurants, bars and lounges, specialty clubs, jogging tracks, sports arena, state of art rooms with the most exotic interiors, internet cafes, entertainers, spas and health clubs, coffee shoppe’s, other shopping arenas, internet cafes, ocean view areas etc. Name any luxury and today it is available on most of the Star Cruise Liners.
However, for all the travelers it is advisable to check upon the date of entry of the ship that you are going to board, the available amenities etc. It is in their interest to carry a deck plan with them, and to understand what they can expect aboard. Also, it is advisable to have good study about the liner you are going to board.
Many a times there are experiences of a first timer on a liner where ignorance has left them a exorbitant bill, like in case of welcome drinks where in the charges are high than what you can get by just walking past a few deck boys. Health Clubs and Spas are mostly meant for indulgence on this ship, but at the same time most of then are exorbitantly priced. But yes, unless you have no strings attached to your purse, this is a lifetime experience.
Food is always available to pamper the buds of your tongue. And most of the liners have more than three types of restaurants to attend upon your needs. Striking salads, out of the ordinary menus, do satisfy your hunger pangs. And it is very rare for someone to go hungry on Cruise Liner.
The casinos have always been a star attractions of so many a Cruise Liners, so as far as you have good money to gamble with, this is another arena where you can play to your hearts content.
Well all in all, this is one experience that beckons you to come back for more.
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